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Relógio de pêndulo

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Exemplo de relógio de pêndulo

Relógio de pêndulo é um tipo de relógio.

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Inventado por Galileu Galilei, o relógio de pêndulo foi até ao séc. XX o mais fiável medidor de tempo, sendo substituído apenas nas últimas décadas por oscilações atômicas ou eletrônicas. Para um relógio de pêndulo ser um medidor de tempo preciso, a amplitude do movimento deve ser mantida constante apesar de as perdas por atrito afetarem todo o sistema mecânico, Variações na amplitude, tão pequenas quanto 4° ou 5°, fazem um relógio adiantar cerca de 15 segundos por dia, o que não é tolerável mesmo num relógio caseiro. Para manter constante a amplitude é necessário compensar com um peso ou mola, fornecendo energia automaticamente, compensando as perdas devidas ao atrito.

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Em 1656,na cidade de Haia, Holanda, Christiaan Huygens concebeu o relógio de pêndulo com escapo, que substituiu o fuso como instrumento regulador da força da mola.

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Ver também

• Relógio

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Bornholm-clock-head....	Bornholm-clock.jpg			Early Pendulum Clock...	Galileo Pendulum Clo...

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Huygens clock.png

Soviet calendar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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The Soviet calendar added five- and six-day work weeks between 1929 and 1940 to the Gregorian calendar adopted by Russia in 1918. Although the traditional seven-day week was still recognized, a day of rest on Sunday was replaced by one day of rest sometime during each work week. Many sources erroneously state that the weeks were organized into 30-day months.

Contents . 1 Five-day weeks 2 Six-day weeks 3 National holidays 4 Gregorian calendar 4.1 Erroneous 30-day months 5 History 5.1 Implementation of continuous production weeks 5.2 Implementation of six-day weeks 6 References

Five-day weeks

Soviet calendar, 1930
Colored five-day work week

Soviet calendar, January–September 1930
One worker's red rest days of the five-day work week
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From the autumn of 1929 until the summer of 1931, each Gregorian calendar year was usually divided into 72 five-day weeks (=360 days), three of which were split into two partial weeks by five national holidays. The two parts of each split week still totaled five days—the one or two national holidays that split it were not part of that week. Each day of the five-day week was labeled by either one of five colors or a Roman numeral from I to V. Each worker was assigned a color or number to identify his or her day of rest.

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Eighty per cent of each factory's workforce was at work every day (except holidays) in an attempt to increase production while 20% were resting. But if a husband and wife, and their relatives and friends were assigned different colors or numbers, they would not have a common rest day for their family and social life. Furthermore, machines broke down more frequently both because they were used by workers not familiar with them, and because no maintenance could be performed on machines that were never idle in factories with continuous schedules (24-hours/day every day).

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The colors vary depending on the source consulted. The 1930 color calendar displayed here has days of purple, blue, yellow, red, and green, in that order beginning 1 January.^[1] Blue was supported by an anonymous writer in 1936 as the second day of the week, but he stated that red was the first day of the week.^[2] However, most sources replace blue with either pink,^{[3][4][5][6][7]} orange,^[8][9][10] or peach,^[11] all of which specify the different order yellow, pink/orange/peach, red, purple, and green. The partial 1930 black and white calendar from Kingsbury and Fairchild (1935) displayed here does not conform to any of these because its red day is the fifth day of the week, which even disagrees with their own statement that red was the third day of the week.^[8]

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Six-day weeks

Soviet calendar, 1933
Six-day work week
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From the summer of 1931 until 26 June 1940, each Gregorian month was usually divided into five six-day weeks, more and less, as shown by the 1933 calendar displayed here.^[1] The sixth day of each week was a uniform day off for all workers, that is days 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 of each month. The last day of 31-day months was always an extra work day in factories, which, when combined with the first five days of the following month, made six successive work days. But some commercial and government offices treated the 31st day as an extra day off. To make up for the short fifth week of February, 1 March was a uniform day off followed by four successive work days in the first week of March (2–5). The partial last week of February had four work days in common years (25–28) and five work days in leap years (25–29). But some enterprises treated 1 March as a regular work day, producing nine or ten successive work days between 25 February and 5 March, inclusive. The dates of the five national holidays did not change, but they now converted five regular work days into holidays within three six-day weeks rather than splitting those weeks into two parts (none of these holidays was on a "sixth day").^[8][2][4]

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National holidays

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On 2 December 1918 several Bolshevik holidays, during which work was prohibited, were decreed. Shilova (2007) lists six (2 May and 8 November are not listed), whereas Malevsky-Malevitch (1933) lists eight:^[12][13]

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• 1 January – New Year
• 22 January – Day of "9 January 1905" (Old Style)
• 12 March – Overthrow of the Autocracy (1917)
• 18 March – Day of the Paris Commune (1871)
• 1–2 May – Day of International (1886)
• 7–8 November – Day of the Proletarian Revolution (1917)
• .
  

In January 1925, the anniversary of Lenin's Death in 1924 was added on 21 January. Although other events were commemorated on other dates, they were not days of rest.

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On 24 September 1929, three holidays were eliminated, 1 January, 12 March, and 18 March. Lenin's Day on 21 January was merged with 22 January. Malevsky-Malevitch (1933) lists 21 January separately. Shilova (2007) states that 1 May and 7 November were expanded to two days each in 1929. The resulting five holidays continued to be celebrated until 1954.^{[12][14][13][8][2][4][15]}

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• 22 January – Bloody Sunday (9 January 1905 Old Style, 22 January 1905 New Style) and Lenin's Day (although he died 21 January)
• 1–2 May – International Workers' Day
• 7–8 November – October Revolution (25–26 October 1917 Old Style, 7–8 November 1917 New Style)

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Two Journal of Calendar Reform articles (1938 and 1943) have two misunderstandings, specifying 9 January and 26 October, not realizing that both are Julian calendar dates equivalent to the unspecified Gregorian dates 22 January and 8 November, so they specify 9 January, 21 January, 1 May, 26 October, and 7 November, plus a quadrennial leap day.^[3][5]

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Gregorian calendar

Soviet pocket calendar, 1931

Numbered five-day work week, excluding five national holidays
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The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on 14 February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of 1–13 February 1918 pursuant to a decree signed 24 January 1918 (Julian) by Lenin. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date until 1 July 1918.^[16] All surviving examples of physical calendars from 1929–40 show the irregular month lengths of the Gregorian calendar (such as those displayed here). Most calendars displayed all the days of a Gregorian year as a grid with seven rows or columns for the traditional seven-day week with Sunday first. The 1931 pocket calendar displayed here is a rare example that excluded the five national holidays, enabling the remaining 360 days of the Gregorian year to be displayed as a grid with five rows labeled I–V for each day of the five-day week.^[17] Even it had the full Gregorian calendar on the other side. Throughout this period, Pravda, the official newspaper of the Communist Party, and other newspapers continued to use Gregorian calendar dates in their mastheads alongside the traditional seven-day week.^[2][4] Pravda dated individual issues with 31 January, 31 March, 31 May, 31 July, 31 August, 31 October, and 31 December, but never used 30 February during the period 1929–1940. The traditional names of "Resurrection" (Воскресенье) for Sunday and "Sabbath" (Суббота) for Saturday continued to be used, despite the government's officially atheistic policy. In rural areas, the traditional seven-day week continued to be used despite official disfavor.^[2][4][10] Several sources from the 1930s state that the old Gregorian calendar was not changed.^[13][8][2] Two modern sources explicitly state that the structure of the Gregorian calendar was not touched.^[18][19]

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Erroneous 30-day months

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A 1929 Time magazine article announcing Soviet five-day work weeks, which it called an Eternal calendar, associated them with the French Republican Calendar, which had months containing three ten-day weeks.^[20] In February 1930 a government commission proposed a Soviet revolutionary calendar containing twelve 30-day months plus five national holidays that were not part of any month, but it was rejected because it would differ from the Gregorian calendar used by the rest of Europe.^[21] Four Journal of Calendar Reform articles (1938, 1940, 1943, 1954) thought that five-day weeks actually were organized into 30-day months,^{[3][4][5][22]} as do several modern sources.^{[23][10][6][7]}

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A 1931 Time magazine article announcing six-day weeks stated that they too were organized into 30-day months, with the five national holidays between those months.^[24] Two of the Journal of Calendar Reform articles (1938 and 1943) thought that six-day as well as five-day weeks were organized into 30-day months.^[3][5] A couple of modern sources state that five-day weeks plus the first two years of six-day weeks were organized into 30-day months.^[9][15]

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Apparently to place the five national holidays between 30-day months since 1 October 1929, Parise (1982) shifted Lenin's Day to 31 January, left two Days of the Proletariat on 1–2 May, and shifted two Days of the Revolution to 31 October and 1 November, plus 1 January (all Gregorian dates).^[9] Stating that all months had 30 days between 1 October 1929 and 1 December 1931, the Oxford Companion to the Year (1999) 'corrected' Parise's list by specifying that "Lenin Day" was after 30 January (31 January Gregorian), a two-day "Workers' First of May" was after 30 April (2–3 May Gregorian), two "Industry Days" were after 7 November (7–8 November Gregorian), and placed the leap day after 30 February (2 March Gregorian).^[6][7]

History

Soviet calendar
12 December 1937
"Sixth day of the six-day week" (just below "12")
—————————
"Election day for the Supreme Soviet of the USSR"

Soviet calendar
22 October 1935
"Fourth day of the six-day week" (just below "ОКТЯБРЬ")
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During the second half of May 1929, Yurii M. Larin (1882–1932) proposed a continuous production week (nepreryvnaya rabochaya nedelya = nepreryvka) to the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the Union, but so little attention was paid to his suggestion that the president of the Congress did not even mention it in his final speech. By the beginning of June 1929, Larin had won the approval of Stalin, prompting all newspapers to praise the idea. On 8 June 1929 the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR directed its efficiency experts to submit within two weeks a plan to introduce continuous production. Before any plan was available, during the first half of June 1929, 15% of industry had converted to continuous production according to Larin, probably an overestimate. On 26 August 1929 the Council of People's Commissars (CPC) of the Soviet Union (Sovnarkom) declared "it essential that the systematically prepared transition of undertakings and institutions to continuous production should begin during the economic year 1929–1930".^[14][25] The lengths of continuous production weeks were not yet specified, and the conversion was only to begin during the year. Nevertheless, many sources state that the effective date of five-day weeks was 1 October 1929,^{[26][4][9][11][10][6]} which was the beginning of the economic year. But many other lengths of continuous work weeks were used, all of which were gradually introduced.

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Implementation of continuous production weeks

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Specific lengths for continuous production weeks were first mentioned when rules for the five-day continuous work week were issued on 24 September 1929. On 23 October 1929 building construction and seasonal trades were put on a continuous six-day week, while factories which regularly halted production every month for maintenance were put on six- or seven-day continuous production weeks. In December 1929, it was reported that about 50 different versions of the continuous work week were in use, the longest being a 'week' of 37 days (30 continuous days of work followed by seven days of rest). By the end of 1929, orders were issued that the continuous week was to be extended to 43% of industrial workers by 1 April 1930 and to 67% by 1 October 1930. Actual conversion was more rapid, 63% by 1 April 1930. In June 1930 it was decreed that the conversion of all industries was to be completed during the economic year 1930–31, except for the textile industry. But on 1 October 1930 peak usage was reached, with 72.9% of industrial workers on continuous schedules. Thereafter, usage decreased. All of these official figures were somewhat inflated because some factories said they adopted the continuous week without actually doing so. The continuous week was applied to retail and government workers as well, but no usage figures were ever published.^[14][27][21]

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Implementation of six-day weeks

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As early as May 1930, while usage of the continuous week was still advancing, some factories reverted to an interrupted week. On 30 April 1931, one of the largest factories in the Soviet Union was put on an interrupted six-day week (Шестидневка = shestidnevka). On 23 June 1931, Stalin condemned the continuous work week as then practiced, supporting the temporary use of the interrupted six-day week (one common rest day for all workers) until the problems with the continuous work week could be resolved. During August 1931, most factories were put on an interrupted six-day week as the result of an interview with the People's Commissar for Labor, who severely restricted the use of the continuous week. The official conversion to non-continuous schedules was decreed by the CPC of the USSR somewhat later, on 23 November 1931.^[27][28][11] Institutions serving cultural and social needs and those enterprises engaged in continuous production such as ore smelting were exempted.^[29] It is often stated that the effective date of the interrupted six-day work week was 1 December 1931,^{[28][3][5][11][10][6]} but that is only the first whole month after the 'official conversion'. The massive summer 1931 conversion made this date after-the-fact and some industries continued to use continuous weeks. The last figures available indicate that on 1 July 1935 74.2% of all industrial workers were on non-continuous schedules (almost all six-day weeks) while 25.8% were still on continuous schedules. Due to a decree dated 26 June 1940, the traditional interrupted seven-day week with Sunday as the common day of rest was reintroduced on 27 June 1940.^{[27][30][16][17]}

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References

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1. ^ ^{a b} Clive Foss, "Stalin's topsy-turvy work week", History Today 54/9 (September 2004) 46–47.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} The Riga correspondent of the London Times, "Russian experiments", Journal of Calendar Reform 6 (1936) 69–71.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Erland Echlin, "Here all nations agree", Journal of Calendar Reform 8 (1938) 25–27.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Albert Parry, "The Soviet calendar", Journal of Calendar Reform 10 (1940) 65–69.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Carleton J. Ketchum, "Russia's changing tide", Journal of Calendar Reform 13 (1943) 147–155.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e} Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford-Strevens, The Oxford companion to the year (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 99, 688–689.
7. ^ ^{a b c} La réforme grégorienne: La réforme en Russie (The Gregorian reform: The reform in Russia) (French)
8. ^ ^{a b c d e} Susan M. Kingsbury and Mildred Fairchild, Factory family and woman in the Soviet Union (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1935) 245–248. Attributes the rest days of six-day weeks to five-day weeks.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Frank Parise, ed., "Soviet calendar", The book of calendars, (New York: Facts on file, 1982) 377.
10. ^ ^{a b c d e} E. G. Richards, Mapping time, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) 159–160, 277–279.
11. ^ ^{a b c d} Eviatar Zerubavel, "The Soviet five-day Nepreryvka", The seven day circle (New York: Free press, 1985) 35–43.
12. ^ ^{a b} Irina Shilova, "Building the Bolshevik calendar through Pravda and Izvestiia", Toronto Slavic Quarterly No. 19 (Winter 2007). She named the holidays associated with five- and six-day weeks the "Stalin calendar" to distinguish them from the holidays of the previous eleven years, which she called the "Bolshevik calendar".
13. ^ ^{a b c} P. Malevsky-Malevitch, Russia U.S.S.R.: A complete handbook (New York: William Farquhar Payson, 1933) 601–602.
14. ^ ^{a b c} [Solomon M. Schwarz], "The continuous working week in Soviet Russia", International Labour Review 23 (1931) 157–180.
15. ^ ^{a b} Duncan Steel, Marking Time (New York: John Wiley, 2000) 293–294.
16. ^ ^{a b} История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and the USSR), chapter 19 in История календаря и хронология by Селешников (History of the calendar and chronology by Seleschnikov) (Russian)
17. ^ ^{a b} ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО КАРМАННОГО КАЛЕНДАРЯ by Дмитрий Малявин ("Calendar stories from reforms in the USSR" by Dmitry Malyavin) (Russian) Does not mention colors, only numbers.
18. ^ Lance Latham, Standard C date/time library: Programming the world's calendars and clocks (Lawrence, KS: R&D Books, 1998) 390–392.
19. ^ Toke Nørby, The Perpetual Calendar: A helpful tool to postal historians: What about Russia?
20. ^ Oneday, Twoday (Time: 7 October 1929)
21. ^ ^{a b} R. W. Davies, The Soviet economy in turmoil, 1929–1930 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press, 1989) 84–86, 143–144, 252–256, 469, 544.
22. ^ Elisabeth Achelis, "Calendar marches on: Russia's difficulties", Journal of Calendar Reform 24 (1954) 91–93.
23. ^ The Orthodox and Soviet Calendar Reforms
24. ^ Staggers Unstaggers (Time: 7 December 1931)
25. ^ Gary Cross, Worktime and industrialization (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988) 202–205.
26. ^ The Duchess of Atholl (Katherine Atholl), The conscription of a people (1931) 84–86, 107.
27. ^ ^{a b c} Solomon M. Schwarz, Labor in the Soviet Union (New York: Praegar, 1951) 258–277.
28. ^ ^{a b} Elisha M. Friedman, Russia in transition: a business man's appraisal (New York: Viking Press, 1932) 260–262.
29. ^ Handbook of the Soviet Union (New York: American-Russian Chamber of Commerce, 1936) 524, 526.
30. ^ On the transfer to … the seven-day work week, …, 26 June 1940 (item 2)

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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_calendar"
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Categories: Calendars | History of the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia | Obsolete calendars

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Calendário revolucionário francês

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

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Um Calendário Revolucionário Francês no Museu de História de Lausana

Ponteiros do relógio republicano

O calendário revolucionário francês ou calendário republicano foi instituído pela Convenção Nacional em 1792, durante a Revolução Francesa (1789) para simbolizar a ruptura com a ordem antiga e simbolizar o início de uma nova era na história da humanidade. Este calendário tinha características marcadamente anticlericais e passou a basear-se nos fenômenos da natureza.Era um calendário de base solar composto de doze meses de 30 dias, distribuídos em três semanas de dez dias (decâmeros ou décadas). Os dias de cada década recebem o nome de primidi, duodi, tridi, quartidi, quintidi, sextidi, septidi, octidi, nonidi e decadi.

O dia foi dividido em dez horas de cem minutos, cada minuto com cem segundos. Cada dia tinha uma designação única, que só se repetiria no ano seguinte, com nomes de plantas, flores, frutas, animais e pedras. Aos 360 dias acrescentava-se, anualmente, cinco dias complementares, e um sexto a cada quadriênio, consagrados à celebração de festas republicanas. O ano começava no equinócio de outono (22 de setembro, no hemisfério norte), data da proclamação da República francesa e os nomes dos meses eram baseados nas condições climáticas e agrícolas das estações na França.

O primeiro mês chamava-se vindário (em referência a Víndima ou colheita de uvas), seguiam-se o brumário (relativo à bruma ou nevoeiro), o frimário (mês das geadas ou frimas em francês), o nivoso (referente à neve), o pluvioso (chuvoso), o ventoso, o germinal (relativo à germinação das sementes), o floreal (mês das flores), o pradial (em referência a prados), o messiador (nome originário de messis, palavra latina que significa colheita), o termidor (referente ao calor) e o frutidor (relativo aos frutos); como cada mês tinha trinta dias, sobravam cinco dias no final do ano (de 17 a 21 de setembro): eram os dias dos sans-culottes, considerados feriados nacionais:

• No outono:
  • Vindimiário (vendémiaire): 22 de setembro a 21 de outubro
  • Brumário (brumaire): 22 de outubro a 20 de novembro
  • Frimário (frimaire): 21 de novembro a 20 de dezembro
• No inverno:
  • Nivoso (nivôse): 21 de dezembro a 19 de janeiro
  • Pluvioso (pluviôse): 20 de janeiro a 18 de fevereiro
  • Ventoso (ventôse): 19 de fevereiro a 20 de março
• Na primavera:
  • Germinal: 21 de março a 19 de abril
  • Florial (floréal): 20 de abril a 19 de maio
  • Pradial (prairial): 20 de maio a 18 de junho
• No verão:
  • Messidor: 19 de junho a 18 de julho
  • Termidor (thermidor): 19 de julho a 17 de agosto
  • Fructidor: 18 de agosto a 20 de setembro

Esse calendário só vigorou de 22 de setembro de 1792 a 31 de dezembro de 1805, quando Napoleão Bonaparte ordenou o restabelecimento do gregoriano, e também durante a Comuna de Paris.

O Wikimedia Commons possui uma categoria contendo imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Calendário Revolucionário Francês

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The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar

The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar was a calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days in 1871 in Paris.

Tridi 23 Prairial CCXVII 5:08

Tridi, 23 Prairial 217

Tridi, 23 Prairial CCXVII

A copy of the French Republican Calendar in the Historical Museum of Lausanne.

Contents . 1 Origins and overview 2 Current date and time 3 Criticism and shortcomings 4 Famous Republican Calendar dates 5 Months 6 Ten days of the week 7 Days of the year 7.1 Autumn 7.2 Winter 7.3 Spring 7.4 Summer 8 Complementary days 9 Converting from the Gregorian Calendar 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

Origins and overview

The new calendar was created by a commission under the direction of the politician Charles Gilbert Romme seconded by Claude Joseph Ferry and Charles-François Dupuis. They associated to their work the chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, the mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange, the astronomer Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande, the mathematician Gaspard Monge, the astronomer and naval geographer Alexandre Guy Pingré, and the poet, actor and playwright Fabre d'Églantine, who invented the names of the months, with the help of André Thouin, gardener at the Jardin des Plantes of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. As the rapporteur of the commission, Charles-Gilbert Romme presented the new calendar to the Jacobin-controlled National Convention on 23 September 1793, which adopted it on 24 October 1793 and also extended it proleptically to its epoch of 22 September 1792. It is because of his position as rapporteur of the commission that the creation of the republican calendar is attributed to Romme.^[1]

Years appear in writing as Roman numerals (usually), with epoch 22 September 1792, the beginning of the 'Republican Era' (the day the French First Republic was proclaimed, one day after the Convention abolished the monarchy). As a result, Roman Numeral I indicates the first year of the republic, that is, the year before the calendar actually came into use. The first day of each year was that of the autumnal equinox. There were twelve months, each divided into three ten-day weeks called décades. The tenth day, décadi, replaced Sunday as the day of rest and festivity. The five or six extra days needed to approximate the solar or tropical year were placed after the months at the end of each year. Each day was divided into ten hours, each hour into 100 decimal minutes and each decimal minute had 100 decimal seconds. Thus an hour was more than twice as long as a conventional hour; a minute was slightly longer than a conventional minute; and a second was slightly shorter than a conventional second. Clocks were manufactured to display this decimal time, but it did not catch on and mandatory use was officially suspended 7 April 1795, although some cities continued to use decimal time as late as 1801.

A period of four years ending on a leap day was to be called a "Franciade." The name "Olympique" was originally proposed^[2] but changed to Franciade to commemorate the fact that it had taken the revolution four years to establish a republican government in France.^[3]

The leap year was called Sextile, an allusion to the "bissextile" leap years of the Julian and Gregorian calendars, because it contained a sixth complementary day.

The Concordat of 1801 re-established the Roman Catholic Church in France with effect from Easter Sunday, 18 April 1802, restoring the names of the days of the week with the ones they had in the Gregorian Calendar, while keeping the rest of the Republican Calendar, and fixing Sunday as the official day of rest and religious celebration.^[4]

Napoléon finally abolished the calendar with effect from 1 January 1806 (the day after 10 Nivôse an XIV), a little over twelve years after its introduction. However, it was used again during the brief Paris Commune, 6 May-23, 1871 (16 Floréal–3 Prairial An LXXIX).

Many conversion tables and programs exist, largely created by genealogists. Some enthusiasts in France still use the calendar, more out of historical re-enactment than practicality.

Some legal texts that were adopted when the Republican Calendar was official are still in force in France and even Belgium (which was incorporated into the former) and have kept their original dates for citation purposes.

The name "French Revolutionary Calendar" refers to the fact that the calendar was created during the Revolution, but is somewhat of a misnomer. Indeed, there was initially a debate as to whether the calendar should celebrate the Revolution, i.e., 1789, or the Republic, i.e., 1792.^[5] Immediately following 14 July 1789, papers and pamphlets started calling 1789 year I of Liberty and the following years II and III. It was in 1792, with the practical problem of dating financial transactions, that the legislative assembly was confronted with the problem of the calendar. Originally, the choice of epoch was either 1 January 1789 or 14 July 1789. After some hesitation the assembly decided on 2 January 1792 that all official documents would use the "era of Liberty" and that the year IV of Liberty started on 1 January 1792. This usage was modified on 22 September 1792 when the Republic was proclaimed and the Convention decided that all public documents would be dated Year I of the French Republic. The decree of 2 January 1793 stipulated that the year II of the Republic began on 1 January 1793. The establishment of the Republic was also used for the final version of the calendar, therefore, the calendar commemorates the Republic, not the Revolution. In France, it is only known as the calendrier républicain.

217	Prairial			CCXVII
Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi	décade 25 1 Wednesday 20 May 2009 2 Thursday 21 May 2009 3 Friday 22 May 2009 4 Saturday 23 May 2009 5 Sunday 24 May 2009 6 Monday 25 May 2009 7 Tuesday 26 May 2009 8 Wednesday 27 May 2009 9 Thursday 28 May 2009 10 Friday 29 May 2009	décade 26 11 Saturday 30 May 2009 12 Sunday 31 May 2009 13 Monday 1 June 2009 14 Tuesday 2 June 2009 15 Wednesday 3 June 2009 16 Thursday 4 June 2009 17 Friday 5 June 2009 18 Saturday 6 June 2009 19 Sunday 7 June 2009 20 Monday 8 June 2009	décade 27 21 Tuesday 9 June 2009 22 Wednesday 10 June 2009 23 Thursday 11 June 2009 24 Friday 12 June 2009 25 Saturday 13 June 2009 26 Sunday 14 June 2009 27 Monday 15 June 2009 28 Tuesday 16 June 2009 29 Wednesday 17 June 2009 30 Thursday 18 June 2009	10 h 5:08:53 12:12:17 24 h
French Republican Calendar - I - II - III - IV - V - VI - VII - VIII - IX - X - XI - XII - XIII - XIV - 216 - 217 - 218 - (Romme)

Click on a year number for a calendar sheet for the whole year.

Criticism and shortcomings

Clock dial.

Leap years in the calendar are a point of great dispute, due to the contradicting statements in the establishing decree^[6] stating:

“

Each year starts at midnight, with the day when the true autumnal equinox falls for the observatory of Paris.

”

and:

“

The period of four years, at the end of which this addition of one day is usually necessary, is called the Franciade...The fourth year of the Franciade is called Sextile.

”

These two specifications are incompatible, as leap years defined by the equinox do not recur on a regular four year schedule. Thus, the years III, VII, and XI were observed as leap years, and the years XV and XX were also planned as such, even though they were five years apart.

Clock dial.

A fixed arithmetic rule for determining leap years was proposed in the name of the Committee of Public Education by Gilbert Romme on 19 Floréal An III (8 May 1795). The proposed rule was to determine leap years by applying the rules of the Gregorian calendar to the years of the French Republic (years IV, VIII, XII, etc. were to be leap years) except that year 4000 (the last year of ten 400-year periods) should be a common year instead of a leap year. Because this proposal was never adopted, the original astronomical rule continued, which excluded any other fixed arithmetic rule. The proposal was intended to avoid uncertain future leap years caused by the inaccurate astronomical knowledge of the 1790s (even today, this statement is still valid due to the uncertainty in ΔT). In particular, the committee noted that the true equinox of year 144 was predicted to occur at "11:59:40 p.m.", which was closer to midnight than its inherent 3 to 4 minute uncertainty.

The calendar was abolished because having a ten-day working week gave workers less rest (one day off every ten instead of one day off every seven); because the equinox was a mobile date to start every new year (a fantastic source of confusion for almost everybody); and because it was incompatible with the secular rhythms of trade fairs and agricultural markets.

Another criticism of the calendar was that despite the poetic names of its months, they are tied to the climate and agriculture of France and therefore not applicable to France's overseas territories.

Apparently, the designers of the calendar were unaware of the possibility of a lunisolar calendar as their proposals do not appear to make any mention of lunar months, lunisolar calendars, or of the Metonic cycle.^[7] As a result the Republican calendar, just like the Julian and Gregorian calendars, has months whose lengths only have a vestigial relation to an actual physical phenomenon. This is inconsistent with Romme's assertion that the new calendar should be faithful to natural cycles and should not perpetuate past mistakes:^[8]

“

...reason demands that we follow nature rather than servilely continuing upon the erroneous path of our predecessors...

”

The proposal for the new calendar is a litany of criticism of previous efforts, the previous quote of Romme being representative. As another typical example is Romme's opinion about the nomenclature of the French Gregorian calendar:^[9]

“

This nomenclature is clearly a monument to servitude and ignorance, in which each successive civilization has left an imprint of its impoverishment. The astrological names of the days of the week and their cabalistic order which has been preserved since the first Egyptians and by the impostors which profited thereby and the blindness of men who continually preferred to suffer rather than change any of the idiotic habits of their fathers would dishonor our Revolution if we did not maintain the vigilance which has so successfully attacked all preconceptions.

”

This tone sets a high standard by which the Republican calendar might itself be judged.

Famous Republican Calendar dates

French Republican Calendar of 1794, drawn by Louis-Philibert Debucourt.

Perhaps the most famous date in this calendar was immortalised by Karl Marx in the title of his pamphlet, The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoléon (1852). The 18 Brumaire An VIII (9 November 1799) is considered, by many historians, the end of the French Revolution.

Another famous revolutionary date is 9 Thermidor An II (27 July 1794), the date the Convention turned against Robespierre, who, along with others associated with the Mountain, was guillotined the following day. (See Glossary of the French Revolution for other significant dates under this calendar.)

Based on the above event, the term "Thermidorian" entered the Marxist vocabulary as referring to revolutionaries who destroy the revolution from the inside and turn against its true aims. For example, Trotsky and his followers used this term about Stalin.

Émile Zola's novel Germinal takes its name from the calendar, as does the dish, Lobster thermidor. The frigates of the Floréal class all bear names of Republican months.

The Convention of 9 Brumaire An III, 30 October 1794, established the École Normale Supérieure. The date appears prominently on the entrance to the school.

Months

The Republican calendar year began at the autumn equinox and had twelve months of 30 days each, which were given new names based on nature:

• Autumn:
  • Vendémiaire (from Latin vindemia, "grape harvest") Starting 22, 23 or 24 September
  • Brumaire (from French brume, "fog") Starting 22, 23 or 24 October
  • Frimaire (From French frimas, "frost") Starting 21, 22 or 23 November
• Winter:
  • Nivôse (from Latin nivosus, "snowy") Starting 21, 22 or 23 December
  • Pluviôse (from Latin pluvius, "rainy") Starting 20, 21 or 22 January
  • Ventôse (from Latin ventosus, "windy") Starting 19, 20 or 21 February
• Spring:
  • Germinal (from Latin germen, "germination") Starting 20 or 21 March
  • Floréal (from Latin flos, "flower") Starting 20 or 21 April
  • Prairial (from French prairie, "pasture") Starting 20 or 21 May
• Summer:
  • Messidor (from Latin messis, "harvest") Starting 19 or 20 June
  • Thermidor (or Fervidor) (from Greek thermon, "summer heat") Starting 19 or 20 July
  • Fructidor (from Latin fructus, "fruit") Starting 18 or 19 August

Note: On many printed calendars of Year II ("Year 2"), 22 September 1793 – 21 September 1794, the month of Thermidor was named Fervidor.

The English translations stated above are approximate, as most of the month names were new words coined from French, Latin or Greek. The endings of the names are grouped by season.

In Britain, people mocked the Republican Calendar by calling the months: Wheezy, Sneezy and Freezy; Slippy, Drippy and Nippy; Showery, Flowery and Bowery; Wheaty, Heaty and Sweety.^[10][11]

Ten days of the week

The month is divided into three décades or 'weeks' of ten days each, named simply:

• primidi (first day)
• duodi (second day)
• tridi (third day)
• quartidi (fourth day)
• quintidi (fifth day)
• sextidi (sixth day)
• septidi (seventh day)
• octidi (eighth day)
• nonidi (ninth day)
• décadi (tenth day)

Décades were abandoned in Floréal an X (April 1802).^[12]

Days of the year

Instead of most days having an associated saint as in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, each day has an animal (days ending in 5), a tool (days ending in 0) or else a plant or mineral (all other days).

Autumn

Vendémiaire (22 September ~ 21 October)	Brumaire (22 October ~ 20 November)	Frimaire (21 November ~ 20 December)
Raisin (Grape) Safran (Saffron) Châtaigne (Chestnut) Colchique (Crocus) Cheval (Horse) Balsamine (Impatiens) Carotte (Carrot) Amarante (Amaranth) Panais (Parsnip) Cuve (Vat) Pomme de terre (Potato) Immortelle (Strawflower) Potiron (Butter Squash) Réséda (Mignonette) Âne (Donkey) Belle de nuit (The four o'clock flower) Citrouille (Pumpkin) Sarrasin (Buckwheat) Tournesol (Sunflower) Pressoir (Wine-Press) Chanvre (Hemp) Pêche (Peach) Navet (Turnip) Amaryllis (Amaryllis) Bœuf (Ox) Aubergine (Eggplant) Piment (Chili Pepper) Tomate (Tomato) Orge (Barley) Tonneau (Barrel)	Pomme (Apple) Céleri (Celery) Poire (Pear) Betterave (Beet root) Oie (Goose) Héliotrope (Heliotrope) Figue (Fig) Scorsonère (Black Salsify) Alisier (Chequer Tree) Charrue (Plough) Salsifis (Salsify) Macre (Water chestnut) Topinambour (Jerusalem Artichoke) Endive (Endive) Dindon (Turkey) Chervis (Skirret) Cresson (Watercress) Dentelaire (Leadworts) Grenade (Pomegranate) Herse (Harrow) Bacchante (Asarum baccharis) Azerole (Azarole) Garance (Madder) Orange (Orange) Faisan (Pheasant) Pistache (Pistachio) Macjonc (Tuberous pea) Coing (Quince) Cormier (Service tree) Rouleau (Roller)	Raiponce (Rampion) Turneps (Turnip) Chicorée (Chicory) Nèfle (Medlar) Cochon (Pig) Mâche (Corn Salad) Chou-fleur (Cauliflower) Miel (Honey) Genièvre (Juniper) Pioche (Pickaxe) Cire (Wax) Raifort (Horseradish) Cèdre (Cedar tree) Sapin (Fir tree) Chevreuil (Roe Deer) Ajonc (Gorse) Cyprès (Cypress Tree) Lierre (Ivy) Sabine (Savin Juniper) Hoyau (Grub-hoe) Érable sucré (Sugar Maple) Bruyère (Heather) Roseau (Reed plant) Oseille (Sorrel) Grillon (Cricket) Pignon (Pinenut) Liège (cork) Truffe (Truffle) Olive (Olive) Pelle (Shovel)

Winter

Nivôse (21 December ~ 19 January)	Pluviôse (20 January ~ 18 February)	Ventôse (19 February ~ 20 March)
Tourbe (Peat) Houille (Coal) Bitume (Bitumen) Soufre (Sulphur) Chien (Dog) Lave (Lava) Terre végétale (Topsoil) Fumier (Manure) Salpêtre (Saltpeter) Fléau (Flail) Granit (Granite stone) Argile (Clay) Ardoise (Slate) Grès (Sandstone) Lapin (Rabbit) Silex (Flint) Marne (Marl) Pierre à chaux (Limestone) Marbre (Marble) Van (Winnowing basket) Pierre à plâtre (Gypsum) Sel (Salt) Fer (Iron) Cuivre (Copper) Chat (Cat) Étain (Tin) Plomb (Lead) Zinc (Zinc) Mercure (Mercury (metal)) Crible (Sieve)	Lauréole (Spurge-laurel) Mousse (Moss) Fragon (Butcher's Broom) Perce-neige (Snowdrop) Taureau (Bull) Laurier-thym (Laurustinus) Amadouvier (Tinder polypore) Mézéréon (Daphne mezereum) Peuplier (Poplar Tree) Coignée (Axe) Ellébore (Hellebore) Brocoli (Broccoli) Laurier (Laurel) Avelinier (Filbert) Vache (Cow) Buis (Box Tree) Lichen (Lichen) If (Yew tree) Pulmonaire (Lungwort) Serpette (Billhook) Thlaspi (Pennycress) Thimelé (Rose Daphne) Chiendent (Couch Grass) Trainasse (Common Knotgrass) Lièvre (Hare) Guède (Woad) Noisetier (Hazel) Cyclamen (Cyclamen) Chélidoine (Celandine) Traîneau (Sleigh)	Tussilage (Coltsfoot) Cornouiller (Dogwood) Violier (Matthiola) Troène (Privet) Bouc (Billygoat) Asaret (Wild Ginger) Alaterne (Buckthorn) Violette (Violet (plant)) Marceau (Goat Willow) Bêche (Spade) Narcisse (Narcissus) Orme (Elm Tree) Fumeterre (Common fumitory) Vélar (Hedge Mustard) Chèvre (Goat) Épinard (Spinach) Doronic (Large-flowered Leopard's Bane) Mouron (Pimpernel) Cerfeuil (Chervil) Cordeau (Twine) Mandragore (Mandrake) Persil (Parsley) Cochléaria (Scurvy-grass) Pâquerette (Daisy) Thon (Tuna) Pissenlit (Dandelion) Sylvie (Wood Anemone) Capillaire (Maidenhair fern) Frêne (Ash Tree) Plantoir (Dibber: a hand gardening tool)

Spring

Germinal (21 March ~ 19 April)	Floréal (20 April ~ 19 May)	Prairial (20 May ~ 18 June)
Primevère (Primrose) Platane (Plane Tree) Asperge (Asparagus) Tulipe (Tulip) Poule (Hen) Bette (Chard Plant) Bouleau (Birch Tree) Jonquille (Daffodil) Aulne (Alder) Couvoir (Hatchery) Pervenche (Periwinkle) Charme (Hornbeam) Morille (Morel) Hêtre (Beech Tree) Abeille (Bee) Laitue (Lettuce) Mélèze (Larch) Ciguë (Hemlock) Radis (Radish) Ruche (Hive) Gainier (Judas tree) Romaine (Lettuce) Marronnier (Chestnut Oak) Roquette (Arugula or Rocket) Pigeon (Pigeon) Lilas (Lilac) Anémone (Anemone) Pensée (Pansy) Myrtille (Blueberry) Greffoir (Knife)	Rose (Rose) Chêne (Oak Tree) Fougère (Fern) Aubépine (Hawthorn) Rossignol (Nightingale) Ancolie (Columbine) Muguet (Lily of the Valley) Champignon (Button mushroom) Hyacinthe (Hyacinth) Râteau (Rake) Rhubarbe (Rhubarb) Sainfoin (Sainfoin) Bâton-d'or (Wallflower) Chamérops (Fan Palm tree) Ver à soie (Silkworm) Consoude (Comfrey) Pimprenelle (Salad Burnet) Corbeille d'or (Basket of Gold) Arroche (Orache) Sarcloir (Garden hoe) Statice (Thrift) Fritillaire (Fritillary) Bourrache (Borage) Valériane (Valerian) Carpe (Carp) Fusain (Spindle (shrub)) Civette (Chive) Buglosse (Bugloss) Sénevé (Wild mustard) Houlette (Shepherd's crook)	Luzerne (Alfalfa) Hémérocalle (Daylily) Trèfle (Clover) Angélique (Angelica) Canard (Duck) Mélisse (Lemon Balm) Fromental (Oat grass) Martagon (Martagon lily) Serpolet (Thyme plant) Faux (Scythe) Fraise (Strawberry) Bétoine (Woundwort) Pois (Pea) Acacia (Acacia) Caille (Quail) Œillet (Carnation) Sureau (Elderberry) Pavot (Poppy plant) Tilleul (Linden or Lime tree) Fourche (Pitchfork) Barbeau (Common Barbel) Camomille (Camomile) Chèvrefeuille (Honeysuckle) Caille-lait (Bedstraw) Tanche (Tench) Jasmin (Jasmine Plant) Verveine (Verbena) Thym (Thyme Plant) Pivoine (Peony Plant) Chariot (Hand Cart)

Summer

Messidor (19 June ~ 18 July)	Thermidor (19 July ~ 17 August)	Fructidor (18 August ~ 16 September)
Seigle (Rye) Avoine (Oats) Oignon (Onion) Véronique (Speedwell) Mulet (Mule) Romarin (Rosemary) Concombre (Cucumber) Échalote (Shallot) Absinthe (Wormwood) Faucille (Sickle) Coriandre (Coriander) Artichaut (Artichoke) Girofle (Clove) Lavande (Lavender) Chamois (Chamois) Tabac (Tobacco) Groseille (Currant) Gesse (Hairy Vetchling) Cerise (Cherry) Parc (Park) Menthe (Mint) Cumin (Cumin) Haricot (Bean) Orcanète (Alkanet) Pintade (Guinea fowl) Sauge (Sage Plant) Ail (Garlic) Vesce (Tare) Blé (Wheat) Chalémie (Shawm)	Épeautre (Spelt) Bouillon blanc (Common Mullein) Melon (Melon) Ivraie (Ryegrass) Bélier (Ram) Prêle (Horsetail) Armoise (Mugwort) Carthame (Safflower) Mûre (Blackberry) Arrosoir (Watering Can) Panis (Switchgrass) Salicorne (Common Glasswort) Abricot (Apricot) Basilic (Basil) Brebis (Ewe) Guimauve (Marshmallow) Lin (Flax) Amande (Almond) Gentiane (Gentian) Écluse (Lock) Carline (Carline thistle) Câprier (Caper) Lentille (Lentil) Aunée (Inula) Loutre (Otter) Myrte (Myrtle) Colza (Rapeseed) Lupin (Lupin) Coton (Cotton) Moulin (Mill)	Prune (Plum) Millet (Millet) Lycoperdon (Puffball) Escourgeon (Six-row Barley) Saumon (Salmon) Tubéreuse (Tuberose) Sucrion (Winter Barley) Apocyn (Apocynum) Réglisse (Liquorice) Échelle (Ladder) Pastèque (Watermelon) Fenouil (Fennel) Épine vinette (Barberry) Noix (Walnut) Truite (Trout) Citron (Lemon) Cardère (Teasel) Nerprun (Buckthorn) Tagette (Mexican Marigold) Hotte (Sack) Églantine (Wild Rose) Noisette (Hazelnut) Houblon (Hops) Sorgho (Sorghum) Écrevisse (Crayfish) Bigarade (Bitter Orange) Verge d'or (Goldenrod) Maïs (Maize or Corn) Marron (Chestnut) Panier (Pack Basket)

Complementary days

Main article: Sansculottides

Five extra days — six in leap years — were national holidays at the end of every year. These were originally known as les sans-culottides (after sans-culottes), but after year III (1795) as les jours complémentaires:

• 1st Complementary Day: La Fête de la Vertu "Celebration of Virtue" on 17 or 18 September
• 2nd Complementary Day: La Fête du Génie "Celebration of Talent" on 18 or 19 September
• 3rd Complementary Day: La Fête du Travail "Celebration of Labour" on 19 or 20 September
• 4th Complementary Day: La Fête de l'Opinion "Celebration of Convictions" on 20 or 21 September
• 5th Complementary Day: La Fête des Récompenses "Celebration of Honors (Awards)" on 21 or 22 September
• Revolution Day: La Fête de la Révolution "Celebration of the Revolution" on 22 September (or 23 September Leap years)

Converting from the Gregorian Calendar

Tridi

23

Prairial

CCXVII

5:08

The calendar was abolished in the year XIV (1805). After this date, opinions seem to differ on the method by which the leap years would have been determined if the calendar were still in force. There are at least four hypotheses used to convert dates from the Gregorian calendar:

• The leap years would continue to vary in order to ensure that each year the autumnal equinox falls on 1 Vendémiaire, as was the case from year I to year XIV. This is the only method that was ever in legal effect, although it means that sometimes five years pass between leap years.^[6]
• The leap year would have jumped after year 15 to year 20, after which a leap year would have fallen on each year divisible by four (thus in 20, 24, 28…), except most century years, according to Romme's proposed fixed rules. This would have simplified conversions between the Republican and Gregorian calendars since the Republican leap day would usually follow a few months after 29 February, at the end of each year divisible by four, so that the date of the Republican New Year remains the same (22 September) in the Gregorian calendar for the entire third century of the Republican Era (1992-2091 CE).^[13]
• The leap years would have continued in a fixed rule every four years from the last one (thus years 15, 19, 23, 27…) with the leap day added before, rather than after, each year divisible by four, except most century years. This rule has the advantage that it is both simple to calculate and is continuous with every year in which the calendar was in official use during the First Republic. Concordances were printed in France, after the Republican Calendar was abandoned, using this rule to determine dates for long-term contracts.^[14][15]
• Beginning with year 20, years divisible by four would be leap years, except for years divisible by 128. Remark, that this rule was first proposed by von Mädler, not before the late 19th century. The date of the Republican New Year remains the same (23 September) in the Gregorian calendar every year from 129 to 256 (1920-2047 CE).^[16][17][18]

The following table shows when several years of the Republican Era begin on the Gregorian calendar, according to each of the four above methods:

RE	CE	Equinox	Romme	Continuous	128-Year
CCXIV (214)	2005	22 September*	22 September	22 September	23 September
CCXV (215)	2006	23 September	22 September	22 September*	23 September
CCXVI (216)	2007	23 September	22 September*	23 September	23 September*
CCXVII (217)	2008	22 September	22 September	22 September	23 September
CCXVIII (218)	2009	22 September*	22 September	22 September	23 September
CCXIX (219)	2010	23 September	22 September	22 September*	23 September

* Leap year, extra day added at end of year

Another, modern civil calendar proposal also applies the 128-years rule, keeps the year numbering and the names of the months, but maintains the old roman New Year's Day, the lengths of month like the seven-days-week.^[19]

See also

• Agricultural cycle
• Calendar reform
• Decimal time
• Soviet calendar
• World Calendar
• Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution

References

1. ^ James Guillaume, Procès-verbaux du Comité d'instruction publique de la Convention nationale, t. I, pp. 227-228 et t. II, pp. 440-448 ; Michel Froechlé, « Le calendrier républicain correspondait-il à une nécessité scientifique ? », Congrès national des sociétés savantes : scientifiques et sociétés, Paris, 1989, pp. 453-465.
2. ^ Rapport sur l'ère de la République, par G. Romme, Séance de la Convention nationale du 20 septembre 1793, Le Calendrier Républicain, p. 26, Bureau des Longitudes, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-910015-09-2
3. ^ Séance de la Convention nationale du 5 octobre 1793, Article X, Le Calendrier Républicain, p. 36, Bureau des Longitudes, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-910015-09-2. Reproduced in Généalogie et Histoire en France — French Genealogy & History
4. ^ "Concordat de 1801 Napoleon Bonaparte religion en france Concordat de 1801". Roi-president.com. 2007-11-21. http://www.roi-president.com/bio/bio-fait-Concordat%20de%201801.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-30.
5. ^ Le Calendrier Républicain, Bureau des Longitudes, p. 19, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-910015-09-2
6. ^ ^{a b} "Le Calendrier Republicain". Gefrance.com. http://www.gefrance.com/calrep/decrets.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-30.
7. ^ Le Calendrier Républicain, Bureau des Longitudes, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-910015-09-2
8. ^ Rapport sur l'ère de la République, par G. Romme, Séance de la Convention nationale du 20 septembre 1793,Le Calendrier Républicain, p. 26, Bureau des Longitudes, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-910015-09-2
9. ^ Rapport sur l'ère de la République, par G. Romme, Séance de la Convention nationale du 20 septembre 1793,Le Calendrier Républicain, p. 27, Bureau des Longitudes, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-910015-09-2
10. ^ "The French Republican Calendar". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2903636#footnote4. Retrieved on 2009-01-30.
11. ^ "http://www.cs.ubc.ca/local/reading/proceedings/spe91-95/spe/vol23/issue4/spe821er.pdf" (PDF). http://www.cs.ubc.ca/local/reading/proceedings/spe91-95/spe/vol23/issue4/spe821er.pdf.
12. ^ "books.google.com/books?vid=0sYtKYT4UrF5aQMiQP0bCup&id=oUoMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR5&vq=Flor%C3%A9al". http://books.google.com/books?vid=0sYtKYT4UrF5aQMiQP0bCup&id=oUoMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR5&vq=Flor%C3%A9al.
13. ^ "Brumaire - Calendrier Républicain". Prairial.free.fr. http://prairial.free.fr/calendrier/calendrier.php?lien=discoursromme. Retrieved on 2009-01-30.
14. ^ "books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC24574361&id=oUoMAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR9&lpg=RA1-PR9&num=100#PRA24-PA183,M1". http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC24574361&id=oUoMAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR9&lpg=RA1-PR9&num=100#PRA24-PA183,M1.
15. ^ "Brumaire - Calendrier Républicain". Prairial.free.fr. http://prairial.free.fr/calendrier/calendrier.php?lien=manuel-eng. Retrieved on 2009-01-30.
16. ^ "personal.telefonica.terra.es/web/jlmartinmas/repcalendar/calendar.html". http://personal.telefonica.terra.es/web/jlmartinmas/repcalendar/calendar.html.
17. ^ "Calendars". Projectpluto.com. http://www.projectpluto.com/calendar.htm#republican. Retrieved on 2009-01-30.
18. ^ "The French Revolutionary Calendar | Calendars". Webexhibits.org. http://webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-french.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-30.
19. ^ Author. "Civil Calendar". Hexadecimal.florencetime.net. http://hexadecimal.florencetime.net/Civil_Calendar.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-30.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: French Republican Calendar

• Antique Decimal Watches
• Date converter for numerous calendars, including this one
• Dials & Symbols of the French revolution. The Republican Calendar and Decimal time.
• Republican calendar page, with an alternative Dashboard's widget
• The Republican Calendar and Decimal time online
• Brumaire - The Republican Calendar, with Windows and Mac OS X applications, including a Dashboard's widget. (fr es en eo pt de nl)

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